The Parking Glossary

1-hour fire resistance 1-hour fire resistance refers to a fire safety standard that measures the ability of a building component or structure, such as a wall, floor, or beam, to resist the effects of a fire for at least one hour.

Access Aisle An access aisle is the marked clear space beside an accessible parking or charging space that makes the space usable, room for ramps, lifts, and transfers. Accessible EV Charging Space An accessible EV charging space is a charging space meeting four tests together: accessible space-and-aisle dimensions, connector reach over an accessible route, clear floor space at the charger, and an operable interface. Accessible Parking Accessible Parking refers to parking spaces specifically designed and reserved for individuals with disabilities or special needs. Adaptive (Responsive) Lighting Technology Lighting systems that can adjust their output, intensity, color, or distribution in response to specific conditions or inputs. Adaptive Reuse (Parking) Adaptive reuse converts a parking structure, in whole or in part, to another occupancy, offices, housing, logistics, amenities, as demand shifts. Aggregate length Aggregate length refers to the total or cumulative length of aggregates used in construction or engineering applications. Aggregator (online) Aggregator in the context of parking refers to a platform or service that collects and combines information, products, or services related to parking from multiple sources and presents them in a unified and convenient way. Aggregators (Europe) Selected parking aggregators operating in Europe. Aggregators (United States and Canada) Selected parking aggregators operating in the United States and Canada. Air Outlet An air outlet in the context of a parking facility refers to a device or opening through which air is expelled or released from an enclosed space, system, or device. Albedo Albedo refers to the measure of the reflectivity of a surface, specifically how much sunlight or radiation it reflects compared to how much it absorbs. Ambient Lighting The general or overall illumination provided in a space to create a comfortable and visually balanced environment. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan association that represents transportation departments and agencies across the United States. American Concrete Institute (ACI) The American Concrete Institute (ACI) is a professional organization dedicated to advancing the knowledge and practice of concrete technology. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning (ASHRAE) The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning (ASHRAE) is a global professional society that focuses on advancing the fields of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a comprehensive civil rights law in the United States that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities. Anthropometric Data Anthropometric Data refers to the measurements and proportions of the human body, encompassing various dimensions such as height, weight, circumferences, lengths, and breadths. Architectural Mesh Architectural mesh, also known as architectural wire mesh or metal mesh, is a versatile material made from interwoven metal wires or metal sheets that are formed into a grid-like pattern. Artificial intelligence (AI) Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans. Attendant Parking Attendant Parking refers to a parking service where attendants, also known as valets, are employed to park and retrieve vehicles for customers. Automated Load Management System (ALMS) ALMS, called an Energy Management System (EMS) in the NEC, is software and controls that share available electrical capacity across multiple EV chargers, throttling and scheduling sessions so total draw never exceeds the service. Automated Parking (Automated Robotic Parking Structures) Automated Parking, also known as Automated Robotic Parking Structures, refers to a type of parking system that uses advanced technology and robotics to automatically park and retrieve vehicles. Autonomous Valet Parking Autonomous valet parking lets an L4-capable vehicle drop its passengers and park itself, directed by the facility to a waiting area, a charging space, and finally a stall. Autonomous Vehicles Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), also known as self-driving cars or driverless cars, are vehicles equipped with advanced sensors, cameras, radar, and artificial intelligence (AI) systems that enable them to navigate and operate without human intervention. Autoturn (Driving Simulation Software) Autoturn is a driving simulation software developed by Transoft Solutions, designed for performing swept path analysis.

Bailment, The legal principle of Bailment refers to a legal principle where one person (the bailor) transfers possession of personal property to another person (the bailee) for a specific purpose, under an agreement that the property will be returned to the bailor or dealt with in a certain way when the purpose is fulfilled. Ballast Ballast refers to a device used in lighting systems to regulate the current to the lamps and provide sufficient voltage to start the lamps. Ballast Factor Ballast Factor refers to the ratio of the light output of a lamp when operated on a specific ballast compared to the light output of the same lamp when operated on a standard reference ballast. Biophilic Design The term "biophilic" comes from "biophilia," a concept popularized by Harvard biologist E.O. Bituminous Materials Bituminous refers to materials that contain bitumen, a viscous, black, sticky substance derived from crude oil. Bond Counsel Bond Counsel refers to a specialized attorney or law firm that provides legal advice and services related to the issuance of municipal bonds. Break-over Angle Break-over Angle refers to the maximum angle at which a vehicle can transition over a change in slope without the undercarriage making contact with the ground. Budget Pricing Budget Pricing refers to an approximation of the costs associated with an activity, job, program, or project, prepared for budgeting and planning purposes only. Building Code Building codes are comprehensive sets of regulations that govern the design, construction, and operation of buildings, including parking facilities. Building Information Modeling (BIM) Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a facility. Bumper Wall Bumper Wall refers to a structural element on the interior and perimeter of a parking garage designed to prevent vehicles from moving beyond designated parking areas or drive lanes.

Cantilever A cantilever in the context of parking garage design and construction refers to a structural element that extends horizontally and is supported at only one end. Capitalization (Cap) Rate The cap rate is the ratio of a parking asset's net operating income to its value, the market's price for a dollar of parking income. Carbon Footprint The carbon footprint of a parking facility encompasses the total amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted directly and indirectly throughout its lifecycle, from design and construction to operation and maintenance. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas composed of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom chemically bonded together. Cast-In-Place Post-Tensioned Concrete (see also Precast Pretensioned Concrete) Cast-in-place post-tensioned concrete is a construction technique where concrete is poured on-site into formwork and then reinforced with high-strength steel tendons. Cellular leasing Cellular leasing, also known as cell tower leasing or wireless tower leasing, refers to the practice of leasing land or space to wireless communication companies for the installation and operation of cellular towers or antennas. Cement Cement is a finely ground, inorganic material that, when mixed with water, forms a paste that subsequently hardens. Central Cashiering Systems (see also Pay On Foot) Central Cashiering Systems are a method of managing parking payments where customers pay for their parking at a centralized location within the parking facility before returning to their vehicle and exiting. Charger (EV) The charger is the device that transfers power from the premises wiring to an electric vehicle, including its ports, connectors, software, user identification, data reporting, and payment functionality. Charger Uptime Uptime is the percentage of time a charger is functional and available to deliver a session, the reliability metric that determines whether charging is an amenity or a complaint generator. Charging Port A port is the sub-system within an EV charger that charges one vehicle. Charging Space A charging space is the parking space adjacent to a charger where a vehicle rests while charging. Charging Utilization Charging utilization measures how much of the time chargers are actually delivering energy, distinct from how often the charging spaces are occupied. Chloride-Ion Contamination Chloride-Ion Contamination refers to an electrochemical process that leads to the deterioration of concrete and metal components within a parking garage. Circulation System, parking facility Circulation System refers to the layout and design of pathways within a parking facility that facilitate the movement of vehicles and pedestrians. Clear-span Construction (aka Long-span) Clear-span construction, also known as long-span construction, refers to a structural design approach that eliminates the need for interior columns within a parking facility. Cognitive Map (aka Cognitive Image Map) Cognitive Map (also known as a Cognitive Image Map) is a mental representation or internalized model of the spatial relationships, layout, and features of a particular environment or territory. Column Capital Column Capital refers to the topmost part or crowning feature of a column in a parking structure. Compact Stall A compact stall is a reduced-dimension parking space sized for smaller vehicles, a supply strategy whose usefulness rises and falls with the actual vehicle fleet. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a branch of fluid mechanics that utilizes numerical methods and computer simulations to analyze and solve problems related to fluid flow and heat transfer. Concentrated Load Concentrated Load, also known as a point load, refers to a load that is applied at a specific point or location on a structure rather than being distributed over an area or length. Concrete Concrete is a fundamental material in the design and construction of parking facilities due to its strength, durability, and versatility. Conflict Point Map A Conflict Point Map in the context of parking design is a visual representation that identifies and maps areas within a parking facility where potential conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians may occur. congestion pricing Charging drivers to enter a congested area or road at peak times to manage demand and fund transit. Connector (EV Charging) The connector is the device that attaches an EV to a charger port to transfer electricity. Construction Manager (CM / CMaR) A Construction Manager (CM) or Construction Manager at Risk (CMaR) is a professional or a firm hired by the owner or client to provide comprehensive construction management services for a construction project. Continuous-Flow Circulation System A Continuous-Flow Circulation System in parking facility design refers to a layout that allows vehicles to move through the facility's levels and spaces in a smooth, ongoing loop, minimizing the need for reversing or making sharp turns. Conventionally Reinforced Concrete Conventionally Reinforced Concrete is a traditional method of reinforcing concrete structures using steel reinforcement bars (rebar) or mesh. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a proactive approach to preventing crime through the strategic design and management of the environment. Crossover Utility Vehicle (CUV) A Crossover Utility Vehicle (CUV) is a type of vehicle that blends the characteristics of both traditional sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and passenger cars. Cubic Feet per Minute (CFM) Cubic Feet per Minute (CFM) is a unit of measurement used to express the flow rate or volume of air or gas that passes through a given point in a system within one minute. Curb Management Curb management is the active allocation and pricing of curb space among competing uses: parking, loading, ride-hail and robotaxi pick-up/drop-off, micromobility, transit, and outdoor uses. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a business strategy and set of practices focused on managing and nurturing relationships with customers. Cutoff Luminaires A Cutoff Luminaire is a type of light fixture designed to control emitted light in a way that minimizes glare and light pollution. Cyclone Fencing Cyclone fencing, also known as chain-link fencing, is a type of woven fence typically made from galvanized or LLDPE-coated steel wire.

DC Fast Charging (DCFC) DCFC delivers direct current at up to 400 kW, adding over 100 miles of range per hour, the charging class for dwell times that cannot wait. Deflection Deflection refers to the extent to which a floor or structural element sags or bends under its own weight and the weight of parked vehicles. Demand-Controlled Ventilation (DCV) Demand-Controlled Ventilation (DCV) is a ventilation strategy that adjusts the supply of fresh air based on the actual occupancy and pollutant levels in a space. Design Bid Build (DBB) Design Bid Build (DBB) is a traditional project delivery method used in the construction industry, including the design and construction of parking facilities. Design Build (DB) Design Build (DB) is a construction delivery approach where a single entity takes on both design and construction responsibilities. Design Day / Design Hour The design day and design hour are the demand conditions a facility is sized to serve, busy enough to be credible, not the single busiest hour of the year. Design Vehicle (for parking facility design) Design Vehicle is a critical concept in parking facility design. Digital Signage (wayfinding) Digital Signage, also known as dynamic signage or electronic signage, refers to a type of display technology that allows for the real-time, electronic display of information, advertisements, or multimedia content. Double-Loaded Module (see also module and single-loaded module) Double-Loaded Module refers to a specific layout configuration commonly used in parking facility design. Double-threaded Helix or Double Helix Structure Double-Loaded Module refers to a specific layout configuration commonly used in parking facility design. Driving simulation software (see Autoturn) Driving Simulation Software refers to computer programs or applications that replicate real-world driving scenarios and allow users to experience driving virtually in a controlled and interactive environment. Dwell Time Dwell time is how long a vehicle actually stays parked, the single variable that most determines the right charging power for a facility. Dynamic Pricing (Parking) Dynamic pricing adjusts parking rates with demand, by time, event, occupancy, or channel, to manage utilization and revenue. Dynamic Signage Digital Signage, also known as electronic signage, refers to a type of display technology that allows for the real-time, electronic display of information, advertisements, or multimedia content. Dynamic tolling Dynamic Tolling, also known as congestion pricing or variable pricing, is a system where toll rates for roads, bridges, or other transportation infrastructure are dynamically adjusted based on real-time traffic conditions or demand.

Effective Supply Effective supply is the usable share of a facility's stalls after deducting a cushion for circulation, turnover friction, misparked vehicles, and reserved stalls, typically 85-95% of the striped count. Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) EVSE is the entire EV charging system serving a parking facility, from the transformer (where dedicated) through panels, circuits, and chargers to the connector that attaches to the vehicle. Embodied Carbon Embodied carbon is the greenhouse-gas footprint of a facility's materials and construction, as distinct from the operational energy it uses. Enclosed Parking Garage Enclosed Parking Garage refers to any public parking garage that does not meet the natural ventilation requirements of an open parking garage. Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) An EPD is a third-party-verified disclosure of a product's environmental impacts, the document that turns a sustainability claim into a comparable number. Equity Financing Equity Financing involves raising funds by selling ownership shares or equity stakes in the project to investors. EV Electric Vehicle (EV) refers to a type of vehicle that is powered entirely or partially by electricity. EV Capable EV Capable means adequate electrical power is brought to the site with space reserved for future panels and breakers, capacity banked, nothing usable yet. EV Charging Metrology Metrology is the law of measurement: selling electricity by the kWh makes an EV charger a commercial measuring device subject to NIST Handbook 44 accuracy and certification requirements. EV Installed EV Installed means a charger is in place, meets applicable standards, and is ready to use, the only stage that actually charges a car. EV Ready EV Ready means conduit and wiring run to a junction box at each planned future charger location, a future charging space, deliberately not a usable one. EV Station An EV station is a grouping of chargers, charging spaces, and the vehicular access serving them, akin to a gas station within the parking facility. Expansion Joint Expansion Joint refers to a construction joint between sections of large concrete slabs designed to accommodate weather-induced expansion and contraction. Express Ramp Express Ramp in parking garage design is a specially constructed pathway that enables vehicles to travel swiftly and directly between different levels of a parking facility, bypassing the conventional route through parking aisles and spaces. Exterior Insulated Finishing System (EIFS) Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS) is used as a cladding method for parking structures.

Factored Load Factored Load, also known as design load or load factor, is a concept used in structural engineering to determine the maximum load that a structure or structural component needs to be designed to withstand. Fees-in-lieu (parking) Fees-in-lieu refers to a financial arrangement where developers or property owners pay a designated fee to a local government or parking authority instead of providing the required number of on-site parking spaces as mandated by zoning or planning regulations. Financial Feasibility Analysis/Study Financial Feasibility Analysis Study is a comprehensive evaluation that assesses parking needs, the cost of recommended improvements, and projected revenues and costs. Firewall Firewall is a fire-resistant barrier constructed within a building to prevent the spread of fire and smoke from one area to another. First Cost First Cost refers to the initial expense incurred in the planning, design, and construction of a parking facility. Flat Fee Pricing Flat Fee refers to a fixed charge that is applied for parking services, regardless of the duration of the stay or the time of entry and exit. Fleet Staging Fleet staging is the parking of shared autonomous or ride-hail vehicles between calls: an overnight home base for charging, cleaning, and maintenance, and daytime waiting zones convenient to demand. Floor Diaphragm Floor Diaphragm refers to a horizontal structural system that provides lateral stability to a building by transferring lateral loads, such as wind or seismic forces, to the vertical resisting elements of the structure. Foundation Systems Foundation Systems are structural elements that support and distribute the loads of a building or structure to the ground, often referred to as “footings.“ They are essential for ensuring the stability, safety, and longevity of the entire construction. Free-Standing Parking Garage Free-Standing Parking Garage refers to a multi-level structure specifically designed to provide parking spaces for vehicles. Future-Flexible Design Future-flexible design is preparing a parking asset to absorb coming requirements, EV mandates, AV operations, reuse, without redesign: make-ready capacity banked, loads planned, geometry that adapts.

Garagekeepers Liability Garagekeepers liability is the insurance covering damage to customers' vehicles in the care, custody, or control of a parking operation, the exposure created whenever keys change hands. Gateless Parking Gateless parking replaces entry and exit gates with license plate recognition: vehicles enter freely, cameras read plates, and payment follows by app, web, kiosk, or invoice. Geofencing Geofencing is the software boundary that defines where a vehicle or service may operate, park, load, or charge. Glare Glare refers to light entering the eye directly from luminaires or indirectly from reflective surfaces, causing visual discomfort or reduced visibility. Graphic Panel (fiberglass or mesh) Graphic Panel refers to a modern architectural element used in parking garage design, typically made from fiberglass or mesh materials. Green Business Certification Inc. (GBCI) Green Business Certification Inc. (GBCI) is an organization that administers project certifications and professional credentials within the framework of various green building and sustainability standards. Green Roofs Green Roofs refer to a roofing system that incorporates vegetation and a growing medium, installed over a waterproof membrane. Gross Floor Area (GFA) Gross Floor Area (GFA) refers to the total floor area of a building, encompassing all floors and including the full extent of the exterior building walls. Gross Leasable Area (GLA) Gross Leasable Area (GLA) refers to the total floor area available for leasing to tenants within a building. Group S-2 Single-Story Parking Garage Group S-2 Single-Story Parking Garage refers to a specific classification of parking structures under building codes, designated for the storage or parking of private motor vehicles, such as cars, motorcycles, or light trucks.

Hard construction costs Hard Construction Costs refer to the direct expenses associated with the physical construction of a parking facility. Heat Island Effect The heat island effect is the local temperature increase produced by dark, impervious surfaces, with parking lots among the leading contributors. HVAC HVAC stands for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning and refers to the technology, systems, and equipment used to control and regulate the temperature, humidity, and air quality in indoor environments such as homes, offices, commercial buildings, and industrial facilities. Hybrid Concrete Structural System A hybrid concrete structural system in parking garage construction refers to a method that combines different types of concrete construction techniques, typically blending the attributes of cast-in-place and precast concrete systems. Hybrid Steel System A structural system that consists of steel beams and columns, with concrete precast double tees as the deck members.

I-Codes The "I-Codes," or International Codes, are a comprehensive set of building safety codes developed by the International Code Council (ICC). Illuminance The amount of direct light falling on a horizontal surface called Horizontal Illuminance. Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) A professional organization dedicated to advancing the art and science of lighting. Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) A professional international membership association that focuses on promoting the advancement and application of transportation technology and expertise. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) A project delivery method promoting alignment and collaboration among project team members through shared objectives, risk, and reward. Interlock Dimension The dimension created by the overlap from the centerline of parking spaces configured in an angled parking layout. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) A type of heat engine that converts the chemical energy stored in a fuel into mechanical energy by burning the fuel inside the engine. International Building Code (IBC) The International Building Code (IBC) is developed and maintained by the International Code Council (ICC). International Code Council (ICC) The International Code Council (ICC) is a non-profit organization that develops and maintains a wide range of building safety codes and standards used in the United States and many other countries. International Dark Sky Association (IDA) A non-profit organization dedicated to preserving and protecting the night sky and reducing light pollution. International Fire Code (IFC) Part of a published family of "I-Codes." These firel codes are a comprehensive set of regulations and standards that provide guidelines for designing, constructing, and maintaining buildings and structures. International Green Construction Code (IGCC) Part of a published family of "I-Codes." These green construction codes are a comprehensive set of regulations and standards that provide guidelines for designing, constructing, and maintaining buildings and structures. International Mechanical Code (IMC) Part of a published family of "I-Codes." These mechanical codes are a comprehensive set of regulations and standards that provide guidelines for designing, constructing, and maintaining buildings and structures. International Plumbing Code (IPC) Part of a published family of "I-Codes." These plumbing codes are a comprehensive set of regulations and standards that provide guidelines for designing, constructing, and maintaining buildings and structures.

kW versus kWh A kilowatt (kW) is power, the rate a device draws; a kilowatt-hour (kWh) is energy, power sustained over time.

Land-use Planning Land use planning includes allocating spaces for residential, commercial, industrial, and public use, such as parks, schools, and other public facilities. Lateral Loads Lateral loads refer to horizontal forces that act on a structure perpendicular to its vertical axis. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) A widely recognized and internationally used green building certification program developed by the U.S. LED Lighting Light-Emitting Diode lighting is a type of lighting technology that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the source of illumination. Legibility (vs. Readability) The quality of typefaces or fonts that make up the individual characters in a text. Level 4 Autonomy Level 4 (L4) is driverless operation within a programmed or pre-mapped area, the technology behind current robotaxis, expected operational at scale by 2029. Level 5 autonomous vehicle A level 5 autonomous vehicle is a type of self-driving car that is capable of completely autonomous operation, without requiring any human input or intervention. Level of Service (LOS) In terms of parking design, "Level of Service" (LOS) is a benchmark or standard used to measure the quality and effectiveness of parking facilities, based on various performance parameters. Level of Service (LOS) B Level of Service (LOS) B in transportation and traffic engineering represents a relatively high quality of traffic flow with slightly more limitations compared to LOS A. Level of Service (LOS) C Level of Service (LOS) C in transportation and traffic engineering is a classification used to describe a moderate level of traffic flow with stable conditions, but with more noticeable restrictions compared to LOS A and B. Level of Service (LOS) D Level of Service (LOS) D in transportation and traffic engineering represents a more congested condition compared to higher levels of service. Level of Service (LOS) E Level of Service (LOS) E in transportation and traffic engineering is characterized by operating conditions at or near the capacity of the roadway. Level of Service (LOS) F Level of Service (LOS) F in transportation and traffic engineering represents the lowest quality of traffic flow, characterized by severely congested conditions. Level of Service (LOS) Grading System Level of Service (LOS) grades are a set of standardized categories used in transportation planning and traffic engineering to qualitatively describe the operational conditions of a roadway, intersection, or facility like a parking garage. Levels of Service (LOS) In the context of parking garage architecture, Levels of Service (LOS) refer to a qualitative measure describing the operational conditions within the parking facility, particularly in terms of user experience and efficiency. Levels of Service (LOS) A Level of Service (LOS) A, in the context of transportation and traffic engineering, represents the highest quality of traffic flow or service experienced by users. License plate recognition (LPR) License Plate Recognition (LPR), also known as Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR), is a technology that uses optical character recognition (OCR) and image processing techniques to automatically read and interpret license plate numbers from images or video footage. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) The total cost associated with a product, system, or project over its entire life span, including its acquisition, operation, maintenance, and disposal. Light Pollution (Skyglow) Light emitted above the light fixture from surface parking lots and roofs of parking structures produces light pollution or skyglow. Light Standard Light poles or streetlight poles, are vertical structures that support lighting fixtures for illuminating outdoor areas, such as streets, sidewalks, parking lots, and public spaces. Light Trespass Light that spills onto adjacent property or even beyond the limits of the parking facility. Lighting Power Density (LPD) Refers to the amount of electrical power consumed by lighting systems per unit of area in a given space. Live Loads aka Live Design Loads Refer to loads that are temporary, transient, or moving in nature and are not permanently fixed within a structure. Long-Span Construction (see clear-span construction) "Long-span construction" in the context of parking garages refers to a method of building that utilizes larger structural bays or spaces between supports, creating wide, open areas that are unobstructed by columns or other supports. Long-term or Extended Stay Parking "Long-term" or "extended stay" parking refers to parking facilities or arrangements designed to accommodate vehicles for significant periods, ranging from several days to weeks, or even months. Luminance Reflected light. (see Illuminance)

Make-Ready Infrastructure Make-ready is everything behind the charger: utility service and transformer capacity, switchgear and panels, conduit sized for the buildout, load management, metering, trenching, and restoration. Managed Charging Managed charging schedules and throttles EV charging sessions against transformer limits, building load, tariffs, and (optionally) on-site solar, so drivers state how much charge they need and how long they will park, and the system does the rest. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) is a document published by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in the United States. Master Plan A master plan for a new community, or for improvements to existing communities, is a long-term strategic document that provides a framework for future development and growth. Mechanical Ventilation System Designed to provide adequate air circulation, control air quality, and remove potentially harmful gases and pollutants from an enclosed parking garage. Metal Halide Lighting A type of high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting that uses metal halide compounds in a quartz arc tube to produce light. Method of Operation The method of operation is the facility's fundamental service and control model: self-park or attended, gated or gateless, staffed or remote, transient mix versus monthly book. Micromobility Micromobility covers small, light vehicles, bikes, e-bikes, scooters, and delivery robots, moving people and goods over the first and last mile. Mobility Court A mobility court is the curb rebuilt as a designed facility for fleet-scale pick-up and drop-off: organized queuing, protected pedestrian space, and clear assignment among modes. Mobility hub A mobility hub is a transportation infrastructure concept that seeks to integrate various modes of transportation, such as public transit, bike-sharing, car-sharing, and walking, in one centralized location. Module, or Parking Module (see also single-loaded module and double-loaded module) The design term "Parking Module" refers to a standardized measurement or unit used to determine the size and layout of parking spaces and overall parking facility design. Moment Frames, Precast Moment Frames Moment frames, also known as rigid frames or moment-resisting frames, are structural systems commonly used in building construction to resist lateral loads, such as wind or seismic forces. Monthly Parking A parking arrangement where individuals or businesses pay a fixed fee on a monthly basis to secure parking or a designated parking space or permit for a specified period. Multi-modal facilities Multi-modal facilities are transportation hubs that provide connections between multiple modes of transportation, such as buses, trains, light rail, bicycles, and private vehicles. Municipal Bonds Frequently utilized to finance the construction of new parking garages.

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) A global nonprofit organization that develops and publishes codes and standards related to fire prevention, fire protection, and life safety. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) A source for crime statistics whose data covers 97 percent of the United The total floor area, excluding exterior building walls. Natural Ventilation The use of natural air movement and airflow to provide fresh air and remove pollutants within the parking structure, without relying solely on mechanical ventilation systems. Net Floor Area (NFA) The total floor area, excluding exterior building walls. Net Rentable Area (NRA) The net floor area that is available for leasing to a tenant. New Urbanism An approach to development (and zoning regulation thereof) that focuses on neighborhoods of mixed-uses with civic as well as residential and commercial uses, and outdoor public spaces. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) A reddish-brown gas that is a member of the nitrogen oxides (NOx) family of compounds. Non-cutoff Luminaire A type of outdoor lighting fixture that emits light in all directions, including upward and downward.

Off-Site Parking (see also Parking Easements) Parking Easements, also known colloquially as "off-site parking," refer to legal agreements that allow a property owner to use parking spaces on another property owner’s land. On-street Parking Curb-side parking on a street or highway. Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) OCPP is the open protocol connecting chargers to network management software, letting an owner change software providers without replacing hardware. Open-air facility (Open Parking Garage) A parking facility design or configuration where the parking facility does not have a fully enclosed or roofed structure. Openness Calculation The openness calculation is the IBC test determining whether a parking structure qualifies as open: each tier needs openings on at least 40% of its perimeter wall area, distributed on at least 20% of the perimeter (per the code's uniform-distribution provisions). Operating Expenses Refer to the costs incurred in the management, maintenance, and operation of parking facilities. OSHA The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (https://www.osha.gov/). Out-of-phase Movement The phenomenon where adjacent parts of a building move or vibrate in different directions or at different times during an external force event, such as an earthquake or windstorm. Oversell (Oversubscription) Oversell is issuing more monthly parking credentials than stalls, priced on the fact that not all holders park at once. Owner-Operator Agreement The owner-operator agreement allocates revenue, expense, risk, and control between a parking asset's owner and its operator, classically a management agreement (owner keeps revenue risk) or a lease (operator takes it).

Pan-joist System Sometimes referred to as a flat-soffit construction or waffle-slab construction. Paradigm A way of thinking that forms the basis for understanding and interpreting a particular subject or field of study. Park-and-Ride Park-and-ride is parking positioned at transit to convert the driving trip into a transit trip at the lowest-cost point. Parking Access Revenue Control System (PARCS) A Parking Access Revenue Control System (PARCS) is a type of technology used in parking facilities to manage vehicle access, collect parking fees, and ensure security. Parking Aggregator A parking aggregator is an online marketplace that sells parking inventory across many facilities, delivering reservations and demand in exchange for fees and control of the customer relationship. Parking as a Service (PaaS) Parking as a Service (PaaS) refers to a concept where parking spaces or facilities are provided as a service to users on a flexible and demand-driven basis. Parking Blocks (see also Wheel Stops) Parking Blocks, commonly referred to as wheel stopsks or stoppers, serve as minor barriers in parking spaces, designed to halt vehicles from encroaching on pedestrian zones, walls, buildings, or adjacent vehicles. Parking Concessionaire A company or entity that is granted the rights and responsibilities to operate and manage a parking facility or parking services on behalf of a property owner or governing authority. Parking Demand Analysis A parking demand analysis involves collecting data on the number of vehicles parked in the area during different times of the day and week. Parking Design The layout and design of a parking facility based on standard criteria and municipal codes. Parking Easements (see also Off-Site Parking) Parking Easements, also known colloquially as "off-site parking," refer to legal agreements that allow a property owner to use parking spaces on another property owner’s land. Parking Geometry Parking geometry refers to the spatial layout and design dimensions of a parking facility, encompassing various elements that contribute to the facility's functionality, capacity, safety, and user-friendliness. Parking Guidance System A parking guidance system senses occupancy and directs drivers to available stalls with signs and indicators, floor by floor or stall by stall. Parking Ordinances A set of regulations and rules established by local governments to govern parking activities within a specific jurisdiction. Parking Rate/Fee The amount charged for parking a vehicle, often determined by the length of stay and/or the area in which the vehicle is parked. Parking Ratios Parking ratios are used to determine the number of parking spaces needed based on the type of development and its location. Parking Turnover Parking turnover refers to the frequency at which parking spaces become available in a given area or parking facility. Parking Utilization Studies Parking utilization studies involve monitoring the usage of existing parking spaces in the area to determine the utilization rates. ParkSmart Certification (formerly known as Green Garage Certification) Parksmart certification (formerly known as Green Garage Certification) which is the world’s only rating system that defines, measures, and recognizes high-performing, sustainable garages. Passenger Loading Zone A passenger loading zone is designated space for boarding and alighting, with an access aisle and geometry that protects the pedestrian movement it exists to serve. Pay-In-Lane Machine In parking terminology, a "pay-in-lane machine" is an automated payment station located at the exit points of a parking facility, allowing drivers to pay their parking fees without leaving their vehicle. Pay-per-click Pay-per-click is an online advertising model in which advertisers pay a fee each time their ad is clicked by a user. Peak Demand Parking Facilities Peak Demand Parking Facilities s cater to venues that experience substantial surges in parking needs, such as sports arenas, convention centers, theaters, and large event spaces. Pedestrian Guardrails Pedestrian guardrails in a parking garage are safety barriers installed to protect pedestrians from falls or accidental entry into vehicular paths. Perforated Panels Flat sheets of metal that contain regularly spaced holes or perforations. Photovoltaic (PV) panels Commonly referred to as solar panels, are devices that convert sunlight directly into electricity using the photovoltaic effect. Pick-Up/Drop-Off (PUDO) Zone A PUDO zone is curb or off-street space dedicated to passenger loading for ride-hail, robotaxi, shuttle, and delivery activity. Planned Unit Development (PUD) A zoning and land use planning tool that allows for greater flexibility and creativity in the design and development of real estate projects. Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) PEV is the umbrella term for vehicles that charge from the grid: battery EVs (BEV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV). Post-tensioned concrete A construction technique used to strengthen and reinforce concrete structures. Pre-Booked (Reservation) Parking Pre-booked parking sells the stall before the trip, through the facility's own channels or aggregators, converting drive-up uncertainty into committed revenue. Precast Concrete Institute A trade association and technical institute that focuses on the advancement and promotion of precast concrete design, manufacturing, and construction. Precast Pretensioned Concrete (see also Cast-In-Place Post-Tensioned Concrete) Precast pretensioned concrete refers to a construction method where concrete elements are manufactured off-site in a controlled environment and then transported to the construction site for installation. Pro Forma (Parking) A parking pro forma is the forward financial model of a facility: revenue by product, operating expenses, capital reserves, and debt service, projected over the hold. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) A financing model where both the public sector (government) and private sector entities collaborate to develop and fund a project, such as a parking garage.

QR Code A QR code, or Quick Response code, is a two-dimensional barcode that contains information that can be read by a barcode scanner or a smartphone camera.

Rainwater Harvesting Systems Rainwater harvesting systems are designed to collect and store rainwater for later use. Ramp Slope Ramp slope is the grade of a parking ramp, generally capped near 6.67% where cars park on the ramp, with steeper non-parking ramps permitted and breakover transitions controlled at the crests and valleys. Readability (vs. Legibility) Refers to how easily a person understands a complete text or message. Request for Proposal (RFP) A formal document that organizations use to solicit bids, proposals, or offers from potential suppliers, vendors, contractors, or service providers. Required parking spaces The number of required parking spaces determined by local municipalities’ regulations, zoning codes, and specific building or development requirements, based on type of land use, e.g. Responsive Lighting Technology (see Adaptive Lighting Technology) Retroreflective Lettering For Signs Retroreflective lettering refers to a type of lettering or text that is designed to reflect light back to its source, enhancing visibility and legibility, particularly in low-light or nighttime conditions. Return On Investment (ROI) The annual rate of return or earnings on an amount invested. Ride Sharing or Ride Hailing Refers to various forms of carpooling, vanpooling, subscription bus service, but most widely known, the use of Transportation Network Companies (TNC’s) such as Lyft and Uber. Right-Speeding Right-speeding is the practice of setting both the power level (kW per port) and the number of EV charging ports from how the facility is actually used: the miles a typical vehicle needs to recover and the length of the parking stay. Roadway Lighting Committee A technical committee within the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) that focuses on the development and advancement of lighting standards, guidelines, and best practices specifically related to roadway lighting. Robotaxi A robotaxi is a driverless (SAE Level 4) vehicle operating shared rides within a mapped service area. Rough Order-of-Magnitude (ROM) Rough Order-of-Magnitude (ROM) is a term used in construction to provide a rough estimation of the cost, duration, or scope of a project during the early stages of planning or conceptualization.

Sale-Leaseback Arrangement Used to finance the construction of new parking garages. Search engine optimization (SEO) Search Engine Optimization (SEO) refers to the practice of optimizing websites and web pages to improve their visibility and ranking in search engine results pages (SERPs). Seismic loads Forces and vibrations generated by earthquakes or seismic events that act on structures. Self-park garage A self-park facility refers to a parking structure or lot where drivers are responsible for finding their own parking space, parking their vehicle, and remembering the location of their vehicle for retrieval. SERP (Search Engine Results Page) In the context of parking marketing and SEO (Search Engine Optimization), "SERP" stands for "Search Engine Results Page," which is the page that users see after they perform a search query on search engines like Google, Bing, or Yahoo. Service Load The anticipated or expected load that a structure or component will experience during its intended use or service life. Shared Parking Shared parking refers to a parking arrangement where multiple users or businesses share the same parking spaces or parking facilities. Shear Wall A shear wall is a vertical structural element that resists lateral forces such as wind loads and seismic forces acting on a building. Short-span A type of structure construction where the span of a beam is less than the total length of the structure. Short-term parking Parking for a short period of time, usually less than eight hours. Single-helix configuration A single-helix configuration refers to a specific design layout of a parking ramp or parking garage where the vehicle circulation follows a continuous spiral path along a single helical ramp. Single-Loaded Module (See also Module and double-loaded module) The parking design term "Single-Loaded Module" refers to a specific layout configuration used in parking facility design. Single-loaded parking bays Single-loaded parking bays refer to a type of parking layout where vehicles are parked parallel to a single row or lane, with one side of the parked vehicles facing an open area, and the other side facing a wall, barrier, or other structure. Skyglow (see “Light Pollution”) Smart City A smart city is a concept that refers to the integration of technology, data, and connectivity into urban environments to improve the quality of life for residents, enhance sustainability, and optimize city operations. Smart Connected and Holistic Parking Guidance Systems Assist in notifying the public or monthly parkers of available spaces by deploying smart counters, with the ability to identify empty spaces, and sending signals to the central counting software that will display the available spaces via dynamic signage or smart phone apps, for example. Smart Growth Development that serves the economy, community and the environment. Smart Parking Solutions Smart Parking Solutions represent an innovative approach to parking management, intertwining technology and data analytics with conventional systems to optimize parking space utilization, augment user experience, and elevate the overall efficacy of parking management. Smoke Barrier A physical barrier or partition within a building designed to prevent or control the movement of smoke in the event of a fire. Soft Construction Costs Soft construction costs refer to the indirect expenses associated with a construction project that are not directly related to the physical construction of a building or structure. Software as a Service (SaaS) Software as a Service (SaaS) is a software distribution model where applications are provided to customers over the internet as a service. Solar Canopy A solar canopy is a photovoltaic array structure over the top parking deck or surface lot, a power plant with a parking benefit. Spalled A descriptor for surface conditions that are damaged with missing pieces or fragments of surface material. Special-Use Parking Facilities Special-use parking facilities refer to parking areas or structures designated for specific purposes, types of vehicles, or user groups. Speed Ramp A speed ramp is a non-parking ramp dedicated to vertical circulation, moving vehicles between levels quickly without fronting stalls. Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) A type of vehicle that is designed to provide enhanced off-road capabilities, spacious interiors, and a higher driving position. Sprinkler Design Density Sprinkler design density is the water application rate a sprinkler system is engineered to deliver, commonly in the 0.15-0.20 gpm per square foot range for parking occupancies. Stack parking Stack parking, sometimes similar to tandem parking, but is also known as multi-level or vertical parking, is a parking system that maximizes parking capacity by utilizing vertical space. Steel Bar Joist Systems A structural system that consists of a relatively thin concrete slab over a light-gauge metal-form deck, with closely spaced bar joists supported by steel girders. Stormwater Detention Stormwater detention temporarily holds runoff from a parking facility's large impervious surface and releases it slowly, meeting the site's drainage obligation. Structural Steel System A structural system that has steel columns, beams, and girders with a concrete slab spanning between the beams. Structural Systems of Parking In the context of parking garage construction, structural systems refer to the frameworks and methodologies used to create the load-bearing components of the parking structure. Subgrade Material The natural or engineered soil or aggregate layer on which a road or pavement is constructed. Superelevation A technique used in road, railway and circular parking ramp design to tilt the surface of a curve or bend. Supplemental Cementitious Materials (SCM) Supplemental Cementitious Materials (SCMs) refer to materials that are added to concrete mixtures as a partial replacement for Portland cement. Sustainability Sustainability refers to the practice of using resources in a way that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Tandem parking Tandem parking refers to a parking arrangement where two or more vehicles are parked in a line, one behind the other, in a single parking space or driveway. Tax Increment Financing (TIF) Tax Increment Financing (TIF) is a public financing method that is utilized for subsidizing redevelopment, infrastructure, and other community-improvement projects. Thermal Runaway Thermal runaway is the self-sustaining overheating failure mode of lithium-ion batteries: long-burning, extinguishment-resistant, and capable of reignition. Third-Party Car-Sharing Third-Party Car-Sharing refers to a model of car-sharing where a separate entity or platform facilitates the sharing of vehicles among users, without the direct involvement of the vehicle owners in each transaction. Traffic Calming Traffic calming refers to various strategies and measures implemented to slow down vehicular traffic and make roads safer for pedestrians, cyclists, and residents. Traffic Study A traffic study is a comprehensive analysis of transportation patterns, traffic flow, and related factors in a specific area or along a particular roadway. Transfer Bay A transfer bay is the loading position of an automated parking system where drivers leave and retrieve vehicles, and the machine takes over. Transient Parking Transient parking refers to spaces that are designated for short-term use by vehicles. Transient traffic Transient traffic refers to the flow of vehicles or pedestrians that pass through a particular area or location without having a primary destination or purpose within that area. Transit-oriented development (TOD) Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) embodies an urban development strategy that prioritizes the availability of residential, business, and leisure spaces within a walkable distance from public transport facilities. Transit-Oriented Developments Transit-oriented developments (TODs) are urban planning and development strategies that promote compact, mixed-use communities centered around public transportation hubs. Transportation demand management (TDM) Transportation demand management (TDM) is a set of strategies and policies that seek to reduce the number of single-occupancy vehicles on the road and promote more sustainable modes of transportation. Transportation Network Company (TNC) A Transportation Network Company (TNC) is a business that connects paying passengers with drivers who provide transportation using their personal, non-commercial vehicles. Trip Segment Approach to Wayfinding Design The trip segment approach to wayfinding is a strategy that breaks down a journey or trip into distinct segments or stages, each with its own set of wayfinding instructions. Turning Bay A turning lane or a dedicated turning lane, is a designated lane on a road that is specifically allocated for vehicles making turns at intersections or driveways. Turnover Rate The number of vehicles using a given space or facility each day, often expressed as a ratio of the total number of vehicles using the facility in a given period to the total number of parking spaces in the facility. Two-Bay, End-to-End Configuration A two-bay, end-to-end configuration refers to a specific arrangement of parking spaces where two parking bays or stalls are positioned consecutively in a linear layout, with one bay directly behind the other. Type I Construction Type I construction is the most fire-resistant classification. Type II Construction Type II construction is less fire-resistant compared to Type I construction.

U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is a non-profit organization that is widely recognized for its leadership in promoting sustainable building practices and developing the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) green building rating system. Ultimate Load Ultimate load refers to the maximum load or force that a structure or structural component can sustain before it fails or reaches its limit of structural capacity. Uniform Building Code (UBC), UBC Supplement The Uniform Building Code was a widely used building code in the United States until it was eventually replaced by the International Building Code (IBC) in 2000.The UBC Supplement refers to the Uniform Building Code (UBC) Supplement, which was a publication that provided additional regulations… Urban Land Institute (ULI) The Urban Land Institute (ULI) is a nonprofit research and education organization focused on land use, real estate development, and urban planning.

Validation (Parking) Validation is merchant- or employer-subsidized parking: the business stamps, codes, or digitally credits the parker's fee to shift the cost to the party who benefits from the visit. Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) An electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor. Vertical circulation The movement of vehicles, pedestrians, or both between different levels or floors within the parking facility. Vertical Reciprocating Conveyor (VRC) A Vertical Reciprocating Conveyor (VRC), also known as a Material Lift or Freight Lift, is a machine that moves materials or goods between different levels of a building or facility. Vitruvian Principle The Vitruvian principles, derived from the works of the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius, revolve around the concepts of strength, utility, and beauty. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are a group of chemicals that contain carbon and easily vaporize at room temperature.

Waffle-slab Floor System Type of construction method used in building concrete floors. Wayfinding The process of guiding and assisting individuals in navigating through a parking facility efficiently and finding their desired parking spaces or destinations. Wheel Stops (see also Parking Blocks) Wheel stops, commonly referred to as parking blocks or stoppers, serve as minor barriers in parking spaces, designed to halt vehicles from encroaching on pedestrian zones, walls, buildings, or adjacent vehicles. White label White label refers to a product or service that is produced by one company and then rebranded and resold by another company as if it were their own. Wind Loads Forces exerted by wind on structures, such as buildings, bridges, and towers. Wireless (Inductive) EV Charging Wireless charging transfers power to a vehicle parked over an embedded pad, with no cable or connector.