Level 4 (L4) is driverless operation within a programmed or pre-mapped area, the technology behind current robotaxis, expected operational at scale by 2029. In a parking facility:
- L4 private vehicles are expected to perform autonomous parking in garages and on street, more widely available in US models from 2027.
- L5 (driverless anywhere) may never be cost-effective in private cars that sit parked 95% of the time.
Considerations
- Autonomous parking changes stall geometry, circulation, and charging utilization assumptions. Design for L4 arriving in phases, not L5 arriving at once.